1. What is the Solar Energy Equation?

The solar energy equation estimates the potential energy output of a photovoltaic system based on area, yield, solar irradiation, and performance ratio. It provides a practical way to estimate solar energy production in Malaysia.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the solar energy equation:

Where:

• \( A \) — Area of solar panels (m²)
• \( r \) — Yield or efficiency of solar panels (%)
• \( H \) — Solar irradiation (kWh/m²)
• \( PR \) — Performance ratio (decimal, typically 0.75)

Explanation: The equation calculates the theoretical energy output by considering the physical characteristics of the solar installation and local solar conditions.

3. Importance of Solar Energy Calculation

Details: Accurate energy estimation is crucial for sizing solar systems, calculating return on investment, and planning energy production in Malaysia's tropical climate.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter area in square meters, yield as percentage, irradiation in kWh/m² (Malaysia average is about 4.5-5.5), and performance ratio (typically 0.75). All values must be positive numbers.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What is typical solar irradiation in Malaysia?
A: Malaysia averages 4.5-5.5 kWh/m²/day, with slightly higher values in northern regions and lower in southern regions.

Q2: What is a good performance ratio?
A: Most systems have PR between 0.70-0.80. Higher values indicate more efficient systems.

Q3: How do I find my location's solar irradiation?
A: Use tools like NASA's POWER platform or consult solar maps from Malaysian energy authorities.

Q4: What affects solar panel yield?
A: Panel technology (mono/polycrystalline), temperature, shading, and orientation all affect yield.

Q5: Is this calculation for daily or annual energy?
A: The result is for the time period of your irradiation input (daily irradiation gives daily energy, annual gives annual).